I know I know – almost every word I post on this blog is biased against GMOs (genetically modified organisms). Ok, so, I’m going to back off for just a bit and play nice. I understand that my personal bias can be an instant turn-off to someone who might otherwise be curious about this topic but doesn’t react well when, upon first sight of my home/archives page, gets an earful from me about boycotting products or how evil Monsanto is.
So just this evening I started perusing the internet for articles that contain balanced and objective information about the subject of this blog.
I did find what I believe is a very balanced and informative page at http://genomics.energy.gov, parent site for the Human Genome Project – the effort coordinated by the US Department of Energy, the National Institute of Health and a host of others – to identify all genes in human DNA.
I’d first like to list all the terms that are used quite interchangeably when it comes to the topic of GMOs, be they used correctly or not: genetic modification (GM), biotechnology, genetic engineering (GE), recombinant DNA technology, transgenic, transgenic organism, transgene, transgenesis.
I’m sure there are more but it’s a start. Please read on:
GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS AND ORGANISMS
What are Genetically Modified (GM) Foods?
Although “biotechnology” and “genetic modification” commonly are used interchangeably, GM is a special set of technologies that alter the genetic makeup of organisms such as animals, plants, or bacteria. Biotechnology, a more general term, refers to using organisms or their components, such as enzymes, to make products that include wine, cheese, beer, and yogurt.
Combining genes from different organisms is known as recombinant DNA technology, and the resulting organism is said to be “genetically modified,” “genetically engineered,” or “transgenic.” GM products (current or those in development) include medicines and vaccines, foods and food ingredients, feeds, and fibers.
Locating genes for important traits—such as those conferring insect resistance or desired nutrients—is one of the most limiting steps in the process. However, genome sequencing and discovery programs for hundreds of organisms are generating detailed maps along with data-analyzing technologies to understand and use them.
In 2006, 252 million acres of transgenic crops were planted in 22 countries by 10.3 million farmers. The majority of these crops were herbicide- and insect-resistant soybeans, corn, cotton, canola, and alfalfa. Other crops grown commercially or field-tested are a sweet potato resistant to a virus that could decimate most of the African harvest, rice with increased iron and vitamins that may alleviate chronic malnutrition in Asian countries, and a variety of plants able to survive weather extremes.
On the horizon are bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases such as hepatitis B; fish that mature more quickly; cows that are resistant to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease); fruit and nut trees that yield years earlier, and plants that produce new plastics with unique properties.
In 2006, countries that grew 97% of the global transgenic crops were the United States (53%), Argentina (17%), Brazil (11%), Canada (6%), India (4%), China (3%), Paraguay (2%) and South Africa (1%). Although growth is expected to plateau in industrialized nations, it is increasing in developing countries. The next decade will see exponential progress in GM product development as researchers gain increasing and unprecedented access to genomic resources that are applicable to organisms beyond the scope of individual projects.
Technologies for genetically modifying foods offer dramatic promise for meeting some of the 21st Century’s greatest challenges. Like all new technologies, they also pose some risks, both known and unknown. Controversies surrounding GM foods and crops commonly focus on human and environmental safety, labeling and consumer choice, intellectual property rights, ethics, food security, poverty reduction, and environmental conservation (see GM Products: Benefits and Controversies, below).
GM Products: Benefits and Controversies
Benefits
- Crops
- Enhanced taste and quality
- Reduced maturation time
- Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance
- Improved resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides
- New products and growing techniques
- Animals
- Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency
- Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk
- Improved animal health and diagnostic methods
- Environment
- “Friendly” bioherbicides and bioinsecticides
- Conservation of soil, water, and energy
- Bioprocessing for forestry products
- Better natural waste management
- More efficient processing
- Society
- Increased food security for growing populations
Controversies
- Safety
- Potential human health impacts, including allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance markers, unknown effects
- Potential environmental impacts, including: unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, unknown effects on other organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of flora and fauna biodiversity
- Access and Intellectual Property
- Domination of world food production by a few companies
- Increasing dependence on industrialized nations by developing countries
- Biopiracy, or foreign exploitation of natural resources
- Ethics
- Violation of natural organisms’ intrinsic values
- Tampering with nature by mixing genes among species
- Objections to consuming animal genes in plants and vice versa
- Stress for animal
- Labeling
- Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United States)
- Mixing GM crops with non-GM products confounds labeling attempts
- Society
- New advances may be skewed to interests of rich countries
Source: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/gmfood.shtml
A few personal comments: I do have an issue with the terms “friendly” bioherbicides and bioinsecticides. To my knowledge, there is nothing “friendly” about Roundup nor Bt, the GM toxin that kills bugs when they bite into corn. Next, weeds are becoming more resistant to the Roundup sprayed in and around the crops. A new “superweed” is developing. This is causing the need for more and more spraying to be done. It has also been evident in my research that animals are less healthy when eating GM feed, not more so. There have been documented cases of sterility in livestock after being given a genetically modified diet.
Of course, I am biased and have freely admitted that. I do believe that the above article has succeeded in presenting a balanced view of GMOs.
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